Drug Usage And Its Effects On America - 1326 Words

Drug usage has a major impact on America. If drugs were to be legalized, drugs would change the way we live in America. Drugs have been a problem to America’s society and the environment only because people use them for unhealthy reasons. Doing so can cause lung cancer, hair loss, rotten teeth and many more side effects. But if people start using drugs for the better of self and their environment, drugs can be used as medicine, to lower crime rates, and to stop the drug black market. As drugs have its disadvantages they would have a more beneficial leeway on us the people if used for more healthy and environmental reasons. Legalization of drugs can be used in medicine. The party drug â€Å"Magic Mushrooms† produce hallucinations, even when†¦show more content†¦As this paragraph shows how legalizing drugs can be used as medicine, drug legalization can also kill the drug black market. Drug legalization would lead to a major decrease in crime rates because it would be the end of the drug black market. The drug black market is led by demand and millions of people are willing to get their hands on illegal drugs no matter the cost. Making the production, supply and use of some drugs that are illegal creates a leeway for crime to slowly increase in the black market. The profits are worth billions of pounds. Legalization forces organized crime from the drugs trade, starves them of income and enables us to regulate and control the market. Legalization would enable us to regulate the market, determine a much lower price and remove users need to raise funds through crime. Our legal system would be freed up and our prison population dramatically reduced, saving billions. â€Å"†¦Because of the low price, cigarette smokers do not have to steal to support their habits† (Dr. Cox). There is also no violence associated with the legal tobacco market. Legalizing drugs would be killing the ability of drug cartels to bribe officials, violate human rights, and cripple the rule of law would be undermined if they suddenly lost their ability to profitShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesacademic career have either experienced or been exposed to some type of illicit drug. One of the most commonly found illicit drugs found on college campuses have been marijuana. Marijuana is used to amplify perception, affect the frame of mind, and relax. Signs of marijuana use includes red eyes, sluggishness, and awkward body movement. With the usage of marijuana in earlier years being illegal in all states in America, the last couple of years have made a few changes when it comes to marijuana andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1615 Words   |  7 PagesGrowing up, everyone has been taught that Drugs are bad. As kids, we nodded and promised not to be influenced by drugs; however, many people in society today are drug us ers or addicts. If legalized, marijuana would benefit the United States in terms of health, economy, and social reparations. Marijuana restriction laws may have a huge effect on underage usage. There has been similar evidence from the regulation of tobacco and alcohol. The correlation of smoking and drinking limits with the loweredRead MoreCocaine : A Dangerous Drug1381 Words   |  6 PagesCocaine is a very dangerous drug that can ruin many lives. Knowing the facts about cocaine and what the effects of this drug are is very important as it may save a life, not just the individual using the drug but also the friends and family around that individual. These facts may include the history of cocaine, the usage of cocaine, Diagnosis of addiction, effects of cocaine, how to deter the use of cocaine and the treatment after addiction. The first few things to know about cocaine is what isRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 Pagesformally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like most drugs, marijuana has a very longRead MoreAmericas War On Drugs1528 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s war on drugs has failed. After millions of dollars and untold man hours spent enforcing the prohibition of illegal drugs, there is little, if any, success to show for it. Illicit drugs are still available on most American street corners, drug usage rates have n ot decreased, and the scourge of drug related violence continues to spread like wildfire. Sadly, the war on drugs has also resulted in the incarceration of millions of Americans for petty possession offenses and has created a blackRead MoreChemistry : Blood Concentrations Found At Controlled Clinical Studies, Non Fatal, And Fatal Intoxications1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthe euphoric feeling effect usually associated with MDMA is due in part to dopamine receptor stimulation. (Liechti M. et al., 2001) Figure 5: Photo depicting the vesticle merging with the axon terminal and releasing serotonin (red), as well as dopamine(blue) after intake of MDMA. Reuptake transporters move serotonin back into the axon (yellow), and MDMA prevents reuptake (round pink E). Source: Sferios, E. Dance safe: This is Your Brain on Ecstacy: http://www.dancesafe.org/drug-information/ecstasy-slideshow/Read More Medical Marijuana: A not so new form of medical treatment Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana usage for the purpose of medical treatment has been a debated issue in many states and Countries around the world. The United Kingdom and Canada have both adopted laws that are directed at protecting patients and doctors from prosecution due to possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. Australia has passed laws, but has not put them into effect, and the United States has not made any allowances, leaving marijuana in the same category with other illegal drugs and allowing forRead MorePED i n Sports Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pages PED in Sports Performance enhancing drugs have been a longstanding problem in sports. It not only deteriorates the honesty of the game, but also can have broader social affects that one may not even realize. The use of performance enhancing drugs is especially apparent in Major League Baseball. This problem can be traced back to the 1980’s when baseball was facing one of its first â€Å"dark periods†. During the 1980’s Major League Baseball was experiencing a home run drought. Home run totals wereRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Legal Debate Over The United States1071 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana has been a tremendous on-going legal debate over the last few centuries in America. In the last few decades marijuana use in America has been on the rise, especially among young adults. Marijuana comes from the hemp plant known as Cannabis Sativa. In 2727 B.C, the Chinese were the first to document the use of marijuana for medicine. Chinese would use the seeds of the hemp plant for fo od (Borges, 2014, Ch. 15). Marijuana has been known for a lot more than just getting high though. In theRead MoreRyan Stone . Mrs. Aikey . English 11 Honors, 6Th Hour.1566 Words   |  7 Pages The War on Drugs The War on Drugs had hopes of ending drug possession and usage in the 1971 when president Nixon signed the Drug Prevention and Control Act. Through the years, many people have criticized the war for its failures, and others have commended it for its success. Some people want harsher penalties for drug usage and possession, while others want all drugs to become legal. Although the War on Drugs seems to be a solution to a hot button issue, it has many negative effects, including its

American Imperialism And Expansion Of America Essay

American Imperialism and Expansion What is American Imperialism? It is the influences that the United States makes on other countries. Some of the influences are economics, military, and culture. Expansionism is conquering those countries and taking over the land. Without imperialism and expansionism, our county would not be as big and productive as it is in today s society. In the nineteenth century, Many Americans saw western expansionism as the nation s manifest destiny. It is a belief expansionism that was proved to be right. Americans represented the American landscape and how amazing it was. The West is a land known of promise and opportunity. Adventures arise when expanding markets come into play. In 1833 William F. Cody created a great entertainment that the Wild West was a popular culture (Textbook pg.400) How did the Federal policy with the Indians change over the years after the Civil war? The Indians that lived West of the Mississippi river felt like they had to become a part of America’s Nation. California became a state in 1850. Alaska was purchased in 1867. It was two times bigger than the state of Texas. This brought in many settlers to the territories and new states of America. Gold was found in California in 1848. The Continental Railroad was completed in 1869. The federal officials were focused on bringing in the Indians to America. The Indians learned many things such as riding horses, and being able to shoot guns. They wereShow MoreRelatedWas Manifest Destiny, An Ideology Coined By John L. O Sullivan Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesManifest Destiny a benevolent movement or in fact was it early imperialism pursued at the expense of others? The Manifest Destiny, an ideology coined by John L. O’Sullivan, described the attitude of American’s in the 19th century in regards to the expansion of the United States. There are disagreements on whether this expansion was a benevolent movement or an act of early imperialism. Some think because the 19th century Americans saw the expansion as a task given by God that was based on good intentionsRead MoreAP Us History DBQ977 Words   |  4 PagesDBQ American expansionism in the late 19th century and early 20th century was, to a large extent, a continuation of past United States expansionism, while also departing with previous expansionism in some aspects. During the period of time between the late 19th century and early 20th century, America was going through significant changes. After a revolution in Cuba against the Spanish, as well as the Americans starting the Spanish-American War, the Americans received several territorial concessionsRead MoreEssay about American Imperialism1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Civil War were the years of great economic expansion in the history of United States. With the increase in production by industries, the demand for resources increased rapidly and because the land under the control of the United States could not fulfill this demand, the only option was to expand the territorial area. In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia and in the same year, it annexed Midway Islands. Un til 1890s, the expansion was restricted to west and did not go further theRead MoreImperialism Could Have Grown American Into A World Power1525 Words   |  7 Pages Imperialism could have grown American into a world power and still have respected different cultures. Americans viewed the growing nation as a â€Å"melting pot† mixing all cultures into the â€Å"American culture†, which was at the root, white-supremacy. American imperialism was executed poorly by bulldozing the cultures, if America valued and coexisted with the different cultures, an incredible amount of culture and lives could have been saved. Expanding America should have been similar to making a mixedRead MoreThe American War Of 18981372 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the history of America, individuals have been exploring the frontier, broadening horizons, and pushing boundaries. During the eighteenth century, Americans set out to settle the western frontier, ingrained within them the idea of mani fest destiny, which stated that the United States was destined to stretch from coast to coast. Individuals began to migrate west in droves, rapidly expanding the United States until they reached the Pacific. In 1890, the Census Bureau declared that the frontierRead MoreAn Icon of American Expansionism Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesthe nation state, Americans during the nation’s nascent decades subscribed to a notion of anti-imperialism and relied upon a closed door approach to national foreign policy. Yet simultaneously, the United States engaged in acts of global expansion throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, and by the arrival of the 20th century, the nation had reached an ideological crossroad. Following a series of foreign conflicts which left America as an active participant in global expansion and a growing worldRead MoreAmerican Imperialism : A Part Of United States History1463 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Imperialism American Imperialism has been a part of United States history ever since the American Revolution. Imperialism is the practice by which large, powerful nations seek to expand and maintain control or influence on a weaker country. Throughout the years, America has had a tendency to take over other people s land. Authors like Frederick Jackson Turner, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Albert J. Beveridge, Mark Twain, and William James all distinctive perspectives on U.S expansion and imperialismRead MoreManifest Destiny, By John L. Sullivan1491 Words   |  6 Pagesdestined America to spread westward to the pacific. â€Å"It meant expansion, prearranged by Heaven, over an area not clearly defined.† (Merk, 24) Expansion westward seemed perfectly natural to many Americans in the mid-nineteenth century as they saw it was their destiny to expand their thriving country. This attitude that it was Americas destiny to expand helped fuel the drive to push west and begin the removal of Native American s. Manifest Destiny is an extremely important aspect of American HistoryRead MoreNationalism And Imperialism841 Words   |  4 PagesNationalism and Imperialism are two important yet distinct ideologies that have shaped the geopolitical world. Both have led to the annexation of lands and the formation of national borders. Nationalism and Imperialism can be viewed as two ends of a spectrum of patriotism, with nationalism on the weak end and imperialism on the strong end. In terms of global significance, imperialism, as a force of domination, subjugation, and exploitation, is more important than nationalism. Nationalism can beRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Monroe Doctrine1195 Words   |  5 Pagesline where the Americans will no longer tolerate interference from European powers in any way shape or form. For the most part, America was minding its own business until Imperialism started booming in the late 1800’s. Latin America was less developed and America saw South and Central America as perfect candidates to extract resources and sell U.S. goods. The culture of capitalism was on the rise. The start of Manifest Destiny began to construct U.S. foreign policy which led to America reaching towards

Ascent Essay Example For Students

Ascent Essay During high school, two friends and I decided to try and backpack all over thecountry. Andrew, Jeff, and I took trips to places like the Grand Canyon, SantaFe, and the Buffalo River. After each trip the three of us would say, wevegot to go somewhere better, more challenging. So during the spring break ofmy junior year we decided to pack the Wet Mountains in Colorado. We planned thetrip for weeks, calling the ranger station, checking weather conditions, andplanning out meals for the trip. We knew the trail would be a little moredifficult than anything we had done before, would, but we never conceived of St. Charles Peak being too challenging. We started out about six in the morning forthe long drive to Rye, the town just at the base of the Wet Mountains. The tripto Rye went pretty well, except for a few miscalculated map readings and acouple close calls with the low fuel light. When we finally made it to Ryewe made camp about three miles from the trailhead so we could get a good nightsleep and start out early the next mourning. While we were sleeping a huge stormmoved in and stacked good eight to ten inches of snow on the whole north side ofthe mountain. The next morning Andrew yelled from outside the tents hey guysyouve got to take a look at this. Thinking a raccoon rummaged through ourpacks looking for food, I slowly crawled through the tent door and looked inastonishment at the white blanket covering the mountainside. This is going tobe a hell of a trip, Andrew said slowly sipping his cup of steaming coffee. This couldnt be happening, I thought. We had checked the weatherforecast at least four times before we left, and each time they said there wasno chance of snow. After contemplating whether or not to continue our climb tothe summit, we all decided that we couldnt turn back now. We only have aday and a half hike; it cant be that bad, I said, convincing Andrew andJeff that they had made the right decision. To this day I still dont know ifwe did the right thing, trying to reach the summit of St. Charles Peak. Trudgingthrough knee high snow trying to find the trail, we decided to pull out thecompass. Because no one wanted to be responsible for getting us lost, we had todecide which one of us had the most experience using a compass. Since thecompass was mine, they figured that I knew how to use it the best. Not wantingto swallow my pride, I pulled out the map and tried to figure out where we were. When we finally had an idea of our whereabouts, we started up the mountainlooking for the next trail marker. After about four or five hours of hiking,fatigue started setting in. Our feet became colder from the melting snow seepinginto our boots, which made each step seem to get tougher and tougher. Guys, Icant feel my toes. Im being serious, I really cant feel them, Jeffkept saying, each time a little more serious. We finally found a clump of rocksthat was out of the snow, so the three of us stopped and made lunch to keep ourenergy up. While we were eating our macaroni and cheese, we noticed a few stormclouds beginning to roll in. Thinking it couldnt be any worse than it alreadywas, we moved on up the north face. The higher in elevation we went, the deeperthe snow kept getting. Now plowing our way through waist high snow, our feetgrowing colder with each step, we finally decided to make camp for the night. Tosetup our tents on the sloping mountainside we had to carve out about a ten- footby ten-foot level square in the snow using our dinner plates. As soon as we gotour tents set up the overhead storm clouds began spitting frozen rain and snow. .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f , .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f .postImageUrl , .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f , .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f:hover , .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f:visited , .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f:active { border:0!important; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f:active , .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd61baa46c3981de4bebc259d34c570f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Atomic Bomb EssayWe jumped in the tents and decided to call it a night. During the night thetemperature dropped to what felt like 20 degrees. Afraid we might gethypothermia from the extreme cold and lack of energy, we stayed up all nighttalking from tent to tent trying to keep each other awake. Luckily, we made itthrough the night. We decided to get up early and hike when the snow was stillfrozen so that we could walk on top instead of sinking in with every step. Wegot up early and ate oatmeal and breakfast bars. I dont know if it wasbecause of the lack of sleep or just because I was so hungry, but that wasprobably one of the best breakfasts, I have ever eaten. After b reakfast wepacked up and took off for the short two-mile hike to the summit. We started outpretty well, but our 30-pound packs now felt like we were carrying small cars onour backs. The three of us slowly trudged up the white mountainside with thegoal to summit before sunset. After about an hour, and close to 200 yards fromthe peak, we decided to drop our packs and scramble for the summit. When wefinally made it to the peak we could see for miles in every direction, andcouldnt hear anything except for the wind whipping by our ears. I canremember feeling like all the coldness had left my body, and I was as warm as ifI was sitting in front of the fireplace at the cabin. I have never felt agreater sense of accomplishment in my life. When we finally made it back toTulsa, we found that each of us had a slight case of frostbite, and sufferedfrom exhaustion. This trip taught me many valuable lessons. One of the mostimportant is to always be prepared. Another thing I learned is how true fri endswill stick by one another through anything, no matter what.

Treasure Island Essays (976 words) - English-language Films

Treasure Island There is an old crippled man knocking at the Admiral Benbow Inn. He calls himself Captain Billy Bones. He lives in fear of a one-legged man, because Billy Bones has a map in his suitcase that the one-legged man wants. But, Billy Bones doesn't know that the one-legged man, Captain Flint, has died. One day a blind beggar named "Blind Pew" comes to see Billy Bones at the Inn and gives him the "Black Spot", a mark of immediate death between pirate crews. Billy Bones gives Jim Hawkins, the owner of the Inns' son, a key to the suitcase before he dies. Jim is fourteen years old and in very good shape. Jim takes the suitcase to Dr. Livesey, a smart young man in his mid thirties, and Squire Trelawney, an old rich man who lives very lavishly and pampered. They open the suitcase and find a map that belonged to Captain Flint, who is the most popular dead pirate around. The Doctor and Squire decide to hunt for the treasure and ask Jim to come along. The squire buys a ship that they had to have built and named it the Hispaniola. They hire Captain Smollert, Long John Silver the cook, and the rest of the boats crew to sail the ship. The ship sets off from England for an island in the Caribbean. The night before they get to the island, Jim overhears Silver and a few of the other ship hands talking about taking over the Hispaniola to find the map. Jim relays the information back to the Doctor, Squire and the Captain. Captain Smollert sends the crew to the island the next morning and Jim decides to go too. When Jim gets to the island he meets Ben Gunn. Ben has been stranded on the island for three years. Ben tells Jim about a boat that Ben made incase he needed it. When Dr. Livesey, Squire Trelawney, and Captain Smollert get to the island they find an old stockade. When the crew finds out that their plan for mutiny has been told, they start to attack the stockade. Captain Smollert is shot in the shoulder and injured pretty bad. The Doctor and Squire end up killing most of the pirates. Jim set off for the Hispaniola in the small boat that Ben Gunn made. Jim wanted to get the Hispaniola closer to the stockade. A pirate is able to get onto the Hispaniola and Jim has to fight him off. Jim gets the boat where he wants it and returns back to the stockade. When he gets back to the stockade, he is captured by Long John Silver and forced to give up the map. Who will find the treasure first? Will it be Long John Silver and the pirates, or will it be the Doctor, Squire, Jim and the Captain? Read Treasure Island to find out! The main idea that Robert Louis Stevenson made in Treasure Island was how "good" wins over "evil", using strategies and tactics to defeat the pirates. For example, the good characters, Jim Hawkins and Dr. Livesey, took cover in a high ground stockade when the pirates attacked. Good ends up winning the battle at the stockade. Another example of good and evil is when it is discovered where the treasure map may be. Long John Silver hands Jim a gun because he knows a fight is about to happen. All of a sudden, Dr. Livesey, Ben Gunn and Squire Trelawney open fire from the forest and kill a pirate and the other pirates run away because they are scared. The pirates are left on the island without many supplies, since this is the outlaw's code of honor as their punishment. "The Attack" was the climax of the story and was the most exciting part. It was dramatic and suspenseful. "The Attack" was when the good characters fought the pirates for the map of the treasure. On pages 178-179 in Chapter 21, "The Attack" is described like this: "So some seconds passed, till suddenly Joyce whipped up his musket and fired. The report had scarcely died away ere it was repeated and repeated from without in a scattering volley, shot behind shot, like a string of geese, from every side of the enclosure. Several bullets struck the log-house, but not one entered; and, as the smoke cleared away and vanished, the stockade and the woods around it looked as quiet and empty as before. Not a bough waved, not the gleam of a

The Deadly Hazard of Avalanches

The Deadly Hazard of Avalanches Avalanches have always occurred in the mountainous regions of the world. With the growth of winter-time recreations, fatalities have been on the rise since the 1950s. Avalanches claim over 150 lives each year worldwide and hundreds more are injured or trapped following an avalanche. Ninety percent of all avalanches occur on moderate slopes with an angle of 30Â ° to 45Â ° (snow tends not to accumulate on steeper slopes). Avalanches occur when the gravity pushing the collection of snow at the top of the slope is greater than the strength of the snow itself. A change in temperature, a loud noise, or vibrations are all that are necessary to trigger one of these snowfalls that begin at a starting zone. The avalanche continues downslope along the track and ultimately the avalanche fans out and settles in the runout zone. What Country Gets the Most Avalanches? Internationally, the Alpine countries of France, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy experience the greatest number of avalanches and loss of life annually. The United States ranks fifth worldwide in avalanche danger. The states of Colorado, Alaska, and Utah are the most deadly. Avalanche Prevention and Control Avalanche prevention and mitigation involves a variety of methods. Snow fences are built to prevent the buildup of snow in starting zones, structures are built to stabilize snow. deflecting walls are built to divert avalanche flows away from buildings and even entire towns. Sheds build across roadways that pass through persistent avalanche paths can help to protect motorists from avalanches. Additionally, the reforestation of slopes with trees helps to prevent avalanches. Sometimes avalanche control experts actually desire to create smaller, controlled avalanches to prevent larger, uncontrolled ones. Percussion guns, explosives, and even artillery have been used to produce these controlled avalanches when people are kept away. Although a variety of recreationists spend time in snow-covered mountains - snowmobilers are those most often killed by avalanches in the U.S. Most avalanches in the U.S. occur during the months January, February, and March and on average, 17 are killed annually nationwide. Backcountry explorers are strongly advised to not only know how to identify avalanche hazard areas but also to carry an avalanche beacon/transceiver and a shovel in case of emergency.

The History of the Taj Mahal

The History of the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is a beautiful white marble mausoleum in the city of Agra, India. It is widely considered to be one of the greatest architectural masterpieces in the world  and is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Every year, the Taj Mahal receives visits from between four and six million tourists from all over the world.   Interestingly, less than 500,000 of those visitors are from overseas; the vast majority are from India itself. UNESCO has designated the building and its grounds as an official World Heritage Site, and there is much concern that the sheer volume of foot traffic may have a negative impact on this wonder of the world. Still, it is hard to blame people in India for wanting to see the Taj, since the growing middle class there finally has the time and leisure to visit their countrys great treasure. Why the Taj Mahal Was Built The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan  (r. 1628 - 1658) in honor of the Persian princess Mumtaz Mahal, his beloved third wife. She died in 1632 while bearing their fourteenth child, and Shah Jahan never really recovered from the loss. He poured his energy into designing and building the most beautiful tomb ever known for her, on the southern banks of the Yamuna River. It took some 20,000 artisans more than a decade to build the Taj Mahal complex. The white marble stone is inlaid with floral details carved from precious gems. In places, the stone is carved into delicate vined screens called pierce work so that visitors can see into the next chamber. All of the floors are inlaid with patterned stone, and incised painting in abstract designs adorns the walls. The artisans who did this incredible work were supervised by an entire committee of architects, headed by Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. The cost in modern values was about 53 billion rupees ($827 million US).  Construction of the mausoleum was completed around 1648. The Taj Mahal Today The Taj Mahal is one of the loveliest buildings in the world, combining architectural elements from across the Muslim lands. Among the other works that inspired its design are the Gur-e Amir, or the Tomb of Timur, in Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Humayuns Tomb in Delhi; and the Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daulah in Agra. However, the Taj outshines all of these earlier mausoleums in its beauty and grace. Its name literally translates as Crown of Palaces. Shah Jahan was a member of the Mughal Dynasty, descended from Timur (Tamerlane) and from Genghis Khan.  His family ruled India from 1526 to 1857.  Unfortunately for Shah Jahan, and for India, the loss of Mumtaz Mahal and the construction of her amazing tomb utterly distracted Shah Jahan from the business of governing India.  He ended up being deposed and imprisoned by his own third son, the ruthless and intolerant Emperor Aurangzeb.  Shah Jahan ended his days under house arrest, lying in bed, gazing out at the white dome of the Taj Mahal.  His body was interred in the glorious building he had made, beside that of his beloved Mumtaz.

Equity and trusts Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Equity and trusts Master - Case Study Example However it is important the trust instrument must allow the property to be identified clearly. (The K-Zone - Certainty of Subject Matter) The transfer of five thousand shares in Echo Ltd to be held in Trust will be considered as valid trust property as has been decided in the case of Re Rose (1952)4. The fact that the transfer of the shares was not registered does not affect the creation of the trust covering the shares, as the legal presumption is that even when the settler has not done enough to effect a legal transfer the act of creating a trust including the shares as the trust property will constitute a trust. The transfer of some prime agricultural land from the farm which Andy will inherit under his father's will does not constitute a trust. This is due to the fact that the title to the property in the passes to Andy only on the death of his father when the will takes effect. As the subject matter of the trust is not certain there is no creation of any trust in respect of the agricultural land. This is the case of a 'future property' that the settler expects to obtain. Any attempt to create a trust of a future property will be considered as void as the setter does not have the right to transfer the title to the trustee (The K-Zone - Future Property) This issue is well settled in Re Ellenborough 19035. 3. Transfer of house property to Pat - On her marriage to Jonathan In this case when Andy creates a trust of the house property in favour of Pat on the condition that she marries Jonathan it gives rise to a case that a court of equity would compel Andy to constitute the Trust if he reneges on his commitment (The K-Zone - Marriage Consideration). However there are no specific case laws to prove that marriage consideration would still constitute a valid purpose for the creation of a trust for a modern court. But the existence of marriage consideration is attracted by the basic implication of 'unregistered conveyancing' which may require the transfer of title to Pat. 4. Transfer to Richard one of the house properties In Milroy v Lord 18626 there are three processes that must be carried out to recognize the transfer of any property as a valid gift. They are: An outright transfer of legal title to the beneficiary An outright transfer to trustees to hold on trust for the beneficiary or a self declaration trust The principle to be considered here is that the above three circumstances are mutually exclusive and the courts will not consider an imperfect gift as a trust or vice versa. The principle established in the case of Re Rose 1952 though has been made specifically applicable to transfer of shares can equally be

Griffith's theory of fracture Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Griffith's theory of fracture - Coursework Example Ceramics and Metals have different atomic structure and ionic bonding. Ceramic materials have both ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bond is the one that keeps them brittle. Ionic bond is lose and no definite direction.The positive and negative ions are arranged and are held together by attraction created by each other of different charge. When stress is applied, ions slide past each other then goes to different directions; ions of the same charge bumps and trying to repel each other; causing the atoms to spread. The material then breaks. In metals, the atomic structure consist more positively charged ions on a flow of negatively charge electrons. The electrons allows the positive charge ions to slide and roll past each other without breaking the bond when a certain stress is applied. This causes the metal to be tough. 2) Glass in general has a low tensile strength. This lies entirely with the fact that glass is a solid lacking crystalline structure or namely amorphous solid. Amorphous solid has a moving structure of molecules and are not compact, this results to having a low tensile strength than of other solids. However, there are methods of somehow improving glass’s tensile strength, strengthening them. One is by soaking the glass into a bath of potassium nitrate solution on an about 400 to 450 degrees Celsius having. Potassium nitrate has larger molecule structure than of a common sodium nitrate molecule in the surface of the glass. The process will now replace the sodium nitrate on a glass by the potassium nitrate in the bath solution, leaving the glass having a thick layer and a hard wedge. This is called â€Å"chemical strengthening†. Another one is called â€Å"heat strengthening† where a glass surface is heated for about 1100-1500 degrees Fahrenheit then suddenly cooled. After suddenly cooling, the glass molecules compresses, thus having a thick and compressed layer than before. 3) Griffith’s equation steps directly not to the strength of a material but the fracture in it and how hard can it withstand a force before it collapses. Fracture is the propagation of a crack or a flaw across loaded or force-applied segment. Toughness is the property of a material to withstand fracture. Now glass has literally low resistance to fracture than steel has. In Griffith’s equation, you would get stress over strain or Young’s modulus of a material first then that you will determine its toughness. A glass generally has only 50-90 GPa. Its ability to resist fracture is very low compared of steel which has a stress over strain ratio of around 190 to 210 GPa. This makes steel as a more preferable material than glass. 4) Elastic deformation by definition is reversible. Meaning, the material will return to its original state when stressed and bending stress is no longer applied. Uniform plastic deformation is an irreversible deformation where the material strains uniformly upon stress. The material will not ret urn to its original state rather it cracks or ruptures when certain stress is strong enough for the material to withstand. Local plastic deformation or also known as â€Å"necking† differs from uniform plastic deformation by means of the strain applied. It is a mode of tensile deformation where relatively large amounts of strain localize disproportionately in a small region of the material. The localised portion of the material where there is a decrease in local area became the basis for â€Å"neck†. 5) In rubber elasticity the polymer chains of an elastomer coils at random at a relaxed state. On extension, the chains are stretched out, and their conformational entropy is reduced. This is the reason why a rubber material, when suddenly relaxed from extension, snaps back. This is the basis in an elasticity modulus of a material. The material is highly elastic when its stiffness and extension are balanced together. Stiffness is an extensive property of a material to resi st deformation. The high the stiffness can be the high the material’s extensions. 6) Thermosetting resin has a composition

Improved Management Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Improved Management Decision Making Essay Managers at all levels of a business are required to make decisions constantly. Whether it be at an often low risk operational level, or at high importance strategic level, precise analysis is essential, failure on doing so could end in disaster in businesss unforgiving world. Evidence of this can be seen in the strategic level of Dell management in 2004. A poor decision to enter the market with their DJ.Ditty MP3 player, Dell failed to address any strong marketing campaign along with failure to analyse stronger substitute products concluded in Dell discontinuing the product two years later in 2006. The decision made in the development of the product were likewise poor as rival companies such as Apple and Zens product features far overpowered Dells weak product. (Laubacher 2011). Simple research into Information Systems tells us they are able to display information that can lead us to answer questions we are often queried with. But often management decisions are not just simple rhetorical answers but strategic procedures that will aid the business in specific ways. In this essay I will assess the different methods of how IT based systems through the means of Information systems can aid management decisions or, if they do at all. (C.Lucas 1994)In his book information systems concepts for management, defines an IS as a set of organised procedures, that when executed, provides information to support organisation. The information is a tangible or intangible entity that serves to reduce uncertainty about some state or event. (Oz, Jones and Gowthorpe 2009) Back this definition up stating an IS system is a computer based set of hardware, software and telecommunications components, supported by people and procedures to process data and turn it into useful information. The information system can then be divided up into different subsystems with varying goals that help gear towards the organisations main goal. It is clear that ISs are significant in the day to day operation of a business. The fact that ISs can answer question is indisputable, but the process in which they answer them and the form of answers they give can be debated. Synergy defines the combined resource output exceeding the total output of the same resources if they were employed separately (Oz, Jones and Gowthorpe 2009). This theory can be stretched as far as the four stages of processing that an information system goes through. Input is the first stage of this process which is entered by the human. The next three stages include the processing of the IS system, these include changing and manipulating the data, extracting the information out of the information system and finally storing the information that the IS system has administered. This is a great example of synergy, the IS system calculates the data at a quicker and cheaper cost than if a human were to do it, but the IS system first needs input from an event or scenario from a human, this evidence of synergy. (C.Luckem 2002) Theory on complex event processing relates to this very well. He defines each business action (be this internal with staffing decisions or external with customers through sales) taking several stages of events to reach a final state and in todays technological driven domain ISs play a very Important role in each of these states. He relates to the use of ISs gathering and storing of data, sharing of information and the ability of systems to automate and often control components playing a vital part of CEP. ISs that relate to CEP are systems such as Supply Chain Management, according to (B.Handfield and L.Nichols 1999) Is a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores, so that merchandise is produced (often by computer aided design) and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time, in order to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service level requirements It is easy to see how this can be related to management decision making, at each stage of a process with the use of SCM managers can stop the process and analyse production rates, therefore using IS systems to make a decision, which In the case of SCM means utilising every process so that wastage is at a minimum and costs remain low throughout production . Luckem further expresses that the use of IS systems in CEP does not function with remotely one source but needs both the Human and IS system to work collectively for any form of process to work accordingly. Although(Bider 2010) argues the reliability of information processed by ISs. He states that human error can often be the cause of incorrect data. This is not uncommon; often as information is filtered through the information map from department to department human error can cause faults. So an argument could be formed that managers can often put great analysis into ISs, but decisions can be made using the wrong output from the system. In relation to the four stages of processing, this output can then be stored incorrectly meaning any future decisions based on this first problem will not aid the answer process as the information will be incorrect. There are other types of systems that can significantly aid decision making DSSs or Decision Support Systems are systems that aid making decisions through the use of built in models. (Turban 1995) Defines it as an interactive, flexible, and adaptable computer-based information system, especially developed for supporting the solution of a non-structured management problem for improved decision making. It utilizes data, provides an easy-to-use interface, and allows for the decision maker’s own insights. DSSs are comprised of three modules data management, model management and dialog management or in profit terms (actual prior, possible sales, possible revenue, and possible profit). Using these modules DSSs helps find an ideal course of action, able to analyse and finally answer questions that are often asked upon humans, What if or How will this action impact revenue are example. DSSs are able to process raw data, and draw comparisons to generate information to aid a business decision. Although (Jensen, B.Lowry and Jeffery 2011) argue that the now more wide spread use of Decision Support Systems due to the increase in technology used in business today should not replace the decision making of a human. They argue that although It is often difficult for people to assess credibility correctly in face-to-face interactions but argue the use of DSSs cannot be used as an absolute decision making process The capability of face-to-face interactions is critical to effective communication and decision making. Their views can be seen as somewhat old fashioned when relating to decision making. Similar to DSSs are Strategic information systems. The root of this system is based upon Michael E. porters Concept of competitive advantage. This concept analyses the strategic steps a business undergoes to gain an advantage over its competitors. According to (E.Porter 1998), SIS works by enhancing opportunities through analysing competitors, recording seller patterns, identifying potential substitute products and finally retrieving information on keeping a healthy share in the businesss market. All of these should aid a business to create a competitive advantage through the means of SISs. The storing of data and analysis of this data is what managers will use to make decisions. In both the DSSs and SISs the analysis will often plan out a possible route in which the business may take to achieve its aims. It is then up to management to take these recommendations on board through adopting the ideas or not. IS used in the hierachary of a business are important to assess, at an operational level Systems used will be Transactional Process systems are Electronic point of sale, both of these systems allow managers to analyse structured data and draw conclusions for themselves, examples of this maybe the management of stock ordering to improve on wastage, or assessing what product sells at an appropriate time. These systems can then be assessed by the tactical level that may use the means of DSSs to assess new pricing strategies to adapt to the operational level through the help of DSSs but on the evidence of data outputted by TPSs or EPOS. The next and final stage will be the use of the systems at a strategic level. Strategic level will use DSSs and Executive information systems (similar to DSSs but often seen as more precise and concentrated form of system) along with unstructured data which occurs through the means of meetings, conversations and emails .Furthermore strategic level generally have access to IS of all subordinates ISs to help make decisions as well as ISs linked together with external commercial services, such as the latest stock prices and general business news are also common. It is clear that ISs aid management decisions, but in context of this it is important to assess the characteristics of the managers, as well of the management styles. For example managers that adopt an autocratic style of management will be less interested in staff well-being which may affect their reaction to support they receive through IS systems, meaning they may adopt any plans a DSS comes up with whether or not it has a negative effect on staff. Democratic style managers may rely heavily on the data produced from systems of their subordinate. When assessing the improvement of decision making through the means of ISs, I feel it is important to assess manager characteristics, it is clear that there are systems that aid the decision making process but as (Bider 2010) stated there can be human error caused through the input of a system which may lead to poor decision making. I feel steady analysis through each stage of the input process will allow data to be used correctly, therefore being pivotal in decision making process and consequently improving them. Bibliography B.HANDFIELD, Robert and L.NICHOLS, Ernest (1999). Introduction to Supply Chain Management. vol.1. 1st ed., Prentice Hall. Business Using IS , BIDER, IIia (2010). Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling. vol.50. 1st ed., Queensland, Springer. 364213050X. C.LUCAS, Henry (1994). Information systems concepts for management. 5 ed., indiana, Mitchell McGraw-Hill. 11. C.LUCKEM, David (2002). The Power of Events: An Introduction to Complex Event Processing in Distributed Enterprise Systems. 1 ed., Addison wesly. 1. E.PORTER, Michael (1998). Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance : with a new introduction. Havard, Simon and Schuster. JENSEN, Matthew, B.LOWRY, Paul and JEFFERY, Jenkins (2011). Effects of Automated and Participative Decision Support in Computer-Aided Credibility Assessment. Journal of management information syetems, 28 (1), 201-233. LAUBACHER, Robert (2011). Managing Corporate Reputation in the Blogosphere: The Case of Dell Com puter. Corporate Reputation Review, 14 (2), 133-144. OZ, JONES and GOWTHORPE (2009). Finacial and Management Informatoin. vol.2. London, Cengage Learning. TURBAN, Efriam (1995). Decision support, And what they do? In: Decision support and expert systems : management support systems. Englewood cliffs, Prentice Hall, p.576.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

To Kill A Mockingbird Many say that the central theme in the movie To Kill A Mockingbird is southern society and racism, but the central theme is the mockingbird, of which racism is a small part. Atticus Finch, a lawyer and father of two children living in Maycomb, Alabama, says: â€Å"they say that to kill a mockingbird is a sin because all the mockingbird does is sing for us all day.† The mockingbird symbolizes something or someone who is attacked by society unjustly, and that includes two characters. First, the mockingbird theme holds true for Tom Robinson. Tom is a black man who works as a field hand and is charged with raping a white girl and put on trial. Atticus defends Tom in the trial and makes it clear that Tom is innocent and even proves that someone else was responsible for the girl’s wounds: her father. Even though Atticus has proved Tom innocent, he is still declared guilty, put in jail, and sentenced to death. Another character, Boo Radley, also fits the mold of the mockingbird. Boo was probably just a normal boy who was unfortunately born to parents who weren’t the nicest in town and liked to keep to themselves. It was rumored that, as a child, Boo was cutting out articles in the newspaper for a scrapbook and when his father walked by, Boo plunged the scissor blades into Mr. Radley’s leg, took them out, and just kept cutting the newspaper like nothing had happened. From that point on, his parents kept him locked in the house. The whole town was convinced that he was something of a monster and came out at night peeking in peoples’ windows. It was even rumored that he wilted every flower he passed. Throughout the course of the book, Jem, Atticus’ son, finds little treasures in the hollow of the tree by their house: a watch, a ball of string, a spelling bee medal. When Jem is attacked by a drunken man one night, Boo Radley comes to his rescue and finally shows him self, and it is evident that he has been the one leaving the treasures in the tree in an effort to bond with Atticus’ children. Why are these innocent people being judged by society? Surprisingly, it’s the same reason that racism started: people whose lives were secure and comfortable started to become threatened by something different that might alter their lives and felt the need to remove the threat.

The India we want

In United States there is a term called the ‘Great American Dream'. Historian James Tortuous Adams defines it as ‘life should be richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to their ability or achievement. † We for sure do not want to copy this term but according to me the ‘Great Indian Dream' would be defined as ‘Everyone should be ranked according to ability, strive for innovation and invention, be happy and content but at the same time work for the progress of the country.India is a great country with a great potential. Its sheer massiveness has given it a big advantage in front of other countries that face a problem of human labor and area. It is truly said that ‘The citizen is the true treasure of the country. ‘ If the power of these citizens is put to good use there is no doubt that India can overcome all the problems it faces. Yes, India faces a number of problems and yes many of the effects are seen on the comm on people who form the major population of the country. However, imagine if these common people only come together, what mind of change they can bring.A large population of India is in its youth years and I believe that if the youth of the country begin to think over the current issues, find solutions and lead other people we will very soon be able to see the perfect India we picture in our minds. We can live to see the next generation happy and contented, we can live to see the â€Å"India we want! † While everyone will have their personalized perception of a happy India, the generalized ideas are the same In the India of our dreams; we can clearly visualize a lace where there is no poverty and sorrow.Although this dream can be made true through a lot of hard work and dedication let us talk from a more realistic point of view. In the perfect India we would all want the name and fame we deserve. We all see that sons and daughters of famous, rich businessmen get all the luxuri es and fame Just because of their family background. A student who deserves his place in a good, reputed college might lose his seat to a less deserving but rich student. This needs to change and that will only happen when we change our mindsets.Accumulation of money is necessary but only to a certain limit. So in the India of our dreams we would definitely like to be Judged on the basis of our ability and not on our father's bank balance. When we talk about a perfect India we cannot forget our oldest enemy- corruption. Ask anyone about the one thing that has slowed down Indian's progress and you are mostly likely to hear corruption. We Indians have a bad habit of blaming others. It is the same with corruption. We have now become so habituated to blame corruption as the root cause of all the miseries in our lives.Although it is true that we have corrupt politicians, it is we who elect them. If we get the opportunity to study and keep ourselves updated with the politics or rather the Government's policies we can question them as well as reform unjust policies. Education will also form capable candidates for various Jobs. Education will help us question everything we have to blindly follow from the age old customs to the unnecessary paperwork. I believe that education and the values of a person are the only tools which can eradicate corruption.

Madness through king lear Essay

In the 17th Century, madness was still a relatively new concept. Many people believed it was due to a person being possessed, which resulted in madness often being linked back to black magic and witchcraft. In context, the public would frequently visit Bedlam Hospital to enjoy the spectacle of a madman’s behaviour thus, Renaissance dramatists typically used ‘mad scenes’ for a comical effect. In spite of this, Shakespeare seems intent on a serious, if not slightly disturbing, portrayal of madness in King Lear. Throughout the play King Lear, we bear witness to Lear’s gradual and possibly inevitable descent into madness. As early as Act I Scene 1 we, as the audience, observe early signs of the king’s insanity, albeit political at this point, we are alarmed at Lear’s decision to break up his state. Especially through the means he wishes to do so, his ‘love-test’ is foolish and egotistical, as is his desire to be treated as an important, royal personage after he has given away his kingdom. It is fair to say that all through Act I Scene 1 Lear shows many times that he most concerned with appearances. Seemingly his ‘love-test’ is going to plan, as Goneril and Regan extravagantly pledge their love and allegiance to their father, this is until Cordelia refuses to comply with Lear’s ‘love-test’, answering â€Å"I love your Majesty according to my bond, no more, no less. † simply meaning that Cordelia loves her father as a daughter should. Lear, in his blissful ignorance, cannot see past Goneril and Regan’s elaborate speeches and instead feels humiliated by his youngest daughter’s unadorned answer. As a result, he disowns her and banishes her, Cordelia then departs to France. We can see Lear is already losing control as he goes to strike his faithful advisor Kent and banishes him also, all because Kent questioned the Lear’s actions. As a consequence of Lear’s vituperative temper and his irrational, ‘insane’, actions he leaves himself powerless and at the mercy of his two eldest daughters, with neither his loyal advisor nor his devoted youngest daughter to protect him from what is to proceed. As the play progresses, we can see that the king’s identity is gradually becoming unbeknown to him when he asks the question â€Å"Who is there that can tell me who I am? â€Å"1, we can see that Lear is slowly losing his wits. Lear’s speeches become increasingly disjointed as he becomes more distressed, hinting at the madness that will overtake him later in the play. He is becoming progressively isolated due to his fragile mental state, thus, through Lear the idea of madness could be seen as being presented as vulnerability. In Act II, Lear’s changes of moods and tones indicate his escalating mental instability. His foolishness persists as he insists he will stay with the daughter that allows him to keep the most knights; there is desperation in his confrontation with his ‘dog-hearted’ daughters. Eventually, the beleaguered king’s rages become signs of impotence, not authority, emphasising the fact that the patriarch’s insanity has left him powerless and increasingly vulnerable. When the storm starts we recognise that Lear’s fear that he would go mad, first voiced in Act I Scene 4, has been realised. The storm serves as a metaphor for Lear’s – and England’s – plight, his speeches establish and reflect properties of the storm. Through the storm, Lear’s madness is presented as destructive as his speeches are full of anger and distress, as the mad king moves swiftly from one topic to another. The violence of the imagery that the king employs reflects his state of mind. It is easy to see how Lear’s insanity could be viewed as destructive; he has caused his kingdom’s predicament through his rash actions at the beginning of the play, he has divided his family through his egotism and in his ‘mad’ rages he often behaves like a scorned child using invective language. However, all this considered, Shakespeare also presents Lear’s madness as pitiful. Due to his madness Lear confronts his failings: as a father and a ruler. He shows compassion to the characters that have helped him i. e. the Fool, Kent/Caious and Poor Tom. Even when Lear starts to regain his wits, we sympathise with the king as with his new clarity of vision brings with it distress and much regret. These are not the facts that make us truly pity Lear; it is the reality that wisdom came too late. Jesters were often kept by the monarch to provide witty analysis of contemporary behaviour and to remind the sovereign of his humanity; Lear’s Fool certainly fulfils these functions for his master. At first glance, the Fool’s professional madness is rendered as comical, his seemingly asinine jests often lighten the tone and provide some much needed moments of relief, the Fool’s flippant remark about Poor Tom’s clothing is a good example of him lightening the tone of a distressing scene. However, through the Fool’s professional insanity Shakespeare presents a hidden wisdom. Lear’s Fool is ‘all-licensed’ which essentially means that the Fool is licensed to say things to his superior that anybody else would be punished for. Taking this, and the fact that Lear and his Fool seem to have a very close relationship (the Fool calling Lear ‘nuncle’ and Lear calling the Fool ‘boy’), throughout the time the Fool exists in the play he is able to counsel Lear. The Fool’s sarcastic jesting is blunt and hard hitting. Almost as soon as the Fool enters in the play he harps on Lear’s folly, this is apparent when the king asks ‘Dost thou call me fool, boy? ‘ to which the Fool replies ‘All thy other titles thou hast given away; that thou wast born with’2. Through the Fool’s madness he serves to push Lear towards the truth about his daughters this is evident when he warns Lear that Regan will side with Goneril, ‘Shalt see thy other daughter will use kindly; for though she’s as like this crabs like an apple, yet I can tell what I can tell†3. And again when he hints at the dangerous situation Lear has put himself in by reversing the natural order, making his daughters his mother, ‘The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long that it had it head bit off by it young’4 – this is clearly warning the king that his daughters will turn against him. Furthermore, the Fool also tries to open the king’s eyes so that he can see these truths on his own, ‘Thou shouldst not have been old till thou hadst been wise’5, as well as have some insight as to why these events are occurring. The third character in question is that of Edgar / Poor Tom. Edgar, Gloucester’s legitimate son, is introduced as being a passive, credulous dupe upon whom Edmund’s6 devious practices ride easy. We are only given a succinct introduction of Edgar before Shakespeare haves him disguise himself as Poor Tom. In the days of Shakespeare, ‘Bedlam hospital’ housed the mentally ill. When they were released Bedlam inmates were allowed to go begging for survival; this is what Edgar has been reduced to by his gullible father and his brother’s trickery. â€Å"My face I’ll grime with filth, blanket my loins. Elf all my hairs in knots, and with presented nakedness outface the winds and persecutions of the sky†7 the fact that Edgar has to disguise himself as a ‘Bedlam beggar’, wandering the countryside in nothing but a loin cloth in order to preserve his life, presents to us his vulnerability and the sheer desperation of his feigned madness. Initially, Edgar is presented as a seemingly lucid character yet, as the plot unfolds we see he has many purposes within the play. Shakespeare uses Edgar’s alias Poor Tom to provide some comical relief as the plot thickens as some of his antics and ramblings can prove to be amusing gibberish. However, in contrast, Poor Tom’s erratic breathless craziness in Act III Scene iv increases the pathos infinitely. A prime example of this would be when he (Edgar / Poor Tom) says that a ‘foul fiend’ â€Å"laid knives under his pillow and halters in this pew, set ratsbane by his porridge†, indicating towards suicide, this speech reflects Edgar’s fragile state of mind and, although fake, his madness is distressing to the audience. We are reminded of Edgar’s humanity in Act III Scene vi (the mock trail scene) as he listens to Lear’s lunatic agony, his ‘act’ as Poor Tom momentarily breaks down at â€Å"Bless thy five wits† this in turn is another moment in which Edgar’s caricature increases the pathos of a scene. Furthermore, I feel that Shakespeare is using Edgar / Poor Tom’s situation to mirror Lear’s. Similarly to the besieged king, Edgar is now reliant on charity and he has also had his world and expectations turned upside down. Edgar’s assumed madness indicates towards Lear’s eventual submission to complete insanity in Act III, through Poor Tom we glimpse what Lear will be reduced to. Madness is portrayed in different ways through these characters: professional, feigned and genuine insanity. Nonetheless, the idea of madness is presented as purposeful, almost like a journey, for all three of the characters in question. Edgar’s ‘pilgrimage’ through his contrived madness serves the obvious purpose of preserving his life. The preservation of Edgar’s life enables him to guide his father but ultimately through his madness his valour is awakened allowing him to play the role of avenger at the end of the play. However, Edgar’s madness also serves a purpose to the principle protagonist, Lear, as it is noticeable that on the heath Edgar’s presence as his caricature Poor Tom aids Lear, as through interactions with Poor Tom the king’s humanity and understanding increase. The Fool’s professional jesting provides some much needed moments of relief. In spite of his comic role, the Fool’s main purpose within King Lear is to, in essence, be Lear’s conscience. In other words, he bestows the king with truth and reason throughout the turbulent situations that occur during his, the Fool’s, time in the play. Due to the fact that he is ‘all-licensed’, and also has a close relationship with the king, he can inform and criticise Lear for his mistakes without being punished for it, this permits him to counsel Lear. Lear eventually gains the insight he needs to perceive his daughters and society for what it really is, insincere and immoral. The Fool’s abrupt disappearance signifies that Lear has gained all the understanding he needs to distinguish between and reality. Therefore, the Fool is no longer needed: his purpose has been fulfilled. Unlike Edgar or the Fool, Lear’s madness is not an imminent occurrence, it develops throughout the play. The insanity of the king is unequivocally ironic, in his apparent sanity he was introduced to be conceited and imprudent, yet when he is ‘mad’ he becomes a more humble, compassionate and attractive character. At the beginning of the play Lear acts exceptionally irrational and cannot see the verity of his superficial values but as a result of his ‘madness’ he demonstrates an increasingly sincere, tolerant side to his nature. Attributable to his intensifying humility he is able to recognise his wrong doings as a leader and a father thus, the king’s madness redeems him as he learns the value of true emotion and is able to consider the sufferings of those close to him. Consequently, this enables Lear to reconcile with his beloved daughter Cordelia. In conclusion, the madness of King Lear is deeply distressing, it develops from and points back to the king’s instability.

Each country Essay Example

Each country Essay Example Each country Essay Each country Essay Each state is recognized by its currency for both domestic every bit good international concern and money minutess. Both money market and foreign exchange market are interconnected and it is about impossible isolate one from another. The point here is. how to specify a money market? The reply is. when an article is sold or purchased with an exchange of money which is a fiscal paper stand foring a amount of money owing to one another by virtuousness of sale our purchase. Currency is hard currency. which is normally carried by people for assorted intents. Currency is money and Government Treasury Bills are near-money. Money markets are wholly controlled and monitored by cardinal Bankss. commercial Bankss and fiscal establishments. Each bank or fiscal establishments is accountable to cardinal bank in footings of keeping liquidness. solvency and for distribution of money. Exchange of money has been in usage for about a century now for any commercial intent of purchasing or selling bespeaking that a commercial dealing has taken topographic point. either purchasing a place or stock market portions / Treasury Bills. Money in exchange has been a common pattern for any commercial dealing. A similar process is applicable in foreign exchange market. that each clip a dealing is recorded. foreign exchange is either sold or purchased. Like any other market. money market and the foreign exchange market record high and low of currencies exchange which depend upon whether one is selling or purchasing. Traders of foreign exchange market provide tw monetary values. The first being the willing monetary value to purchase foreign currency and 2nd being the willing monetary value to sell foreign currency. It is here that bargainers benefit in doing net incomes in foreign exchange minutess. If a loaner receives $ 108 at the terminal of an twelvemonth. $ 100 being loan refund and $ 8 is involvement per annum that is given to lender. Interest rates are either per annum or per month or per one-fourth which is called level involvement rate. For illustration if involvement rate is 2 per cent per month. per annum involvement is 24 per cent. ( 2 x 12 ) . Most of the fiscal instruments are traded on discounted footing which means. the borrower has to pay involvement at the clip of sing the loan i. e. If loan sum is $ 100 and involvement per annum is $ 8. the borrower receives merely $ 92. ( $ 100 – $ 8 = $ 92 ) . If the principal along with involvement is refunded at the terminal of an twelvemonth. it is called as balloon payment. ( $ 100 + $ 8 = $ 108 ) . Banks normally negotiate involvement rates with clients while sing immense sums as loans depending on the good will and repayment capacity of clients. Banks accepts sedimentations from clients on a certain surety of payment of involvements either quarterly. monthly or per annum. Foreign currency market exists all over the universe in each state with the fact that. every country’s export or import concern requires exchange of foreign currency for payment of foreign minutess or EXIM concern. The flow of hard currency in assorted currencies i. e. either in US dollars. Euros. Yen or any other currency is of import as it increases or decreases the hard currency balances. Cash flow ever carry a important way. currency. day of the month and location where the hard currency flow is given. Cash flows can be either inflow or outflow. Foreign exchange markets ever carry two currencies. one currency is being sold. and the other currency is being purchased. The financess director verifies the features of hard currency flow whether the following are present in foreign exchange dealing. 1. The name of the 2nd party to the dealing. 2. State whether the specific currency is being sold or purchased. 3. The entire sum involved in dealing. 4. The location where the financess or instruments is purchased. 5. The location where the 2nd party requires the financess to be purchased. 6. The rate for the dealing. 7. Value day of the month. Cash flows are aggregated in two groups. The first being net hard currency flow per currency by specific value day of the month and 2nd being net exchange place of each currency with aggregative value of day of the months. The construct of value day of the month has a great importance in the affairs of foreign currency exchange minutess with two dimensions which are as follows: 1. Spot minutess carry value day of the month of 2 concern yearss with its closing on the undermentioned twenty-four hours when the dealing is closed. 2. Forward minutess carry value day of the month for future. with specific day of the month from the topographic point value day of the month. at the clip of dealing. Value day of the month indicates in flow of hard currency. hard currency expected in the hereafter for commercial Bankss and cardinal Bankss particularly in foreign currency exchange minutess. A really good range of interaction exists between money market and foreign currency exchange market. For case: 1. A hard currency flow of ˆ 3 million is expected on value day of the month October 31 to an European money exchange bank from another state. Here the value day of the month is October 31. 2. A hard currency flow of $ 10 million is expected on value day of the month December 31 to another European Bank. Here the value day of the month is December 31. The above illustration indicates the net hard currency flow includes both spot dealing and future dealing of foreign currency exchange. The duty of financess director is as follows: 1. On reception of financess in euros. the full sum will be deposited in the history of euro hard currency balance. 2. On reception of financess in dollars. the full sum will be deposited in the history of dollars hard currency balance. Banks maintain a regular hard currency balances of several foreign currency exchanges and consequently lend loans with certain involvement rates and besides publish currencies against exchange for commercial minutess. On every twenty-four hours footing the concern yearss carry exchange rates which quote high and low harmonizing to the demand of bargain and sell of bargainers of foreign currency exchange and besides depending on the stock market sensex with FII influxs. One of import facet of foreign exchange currency is to be noted is here that the bargainers of foreign currency exchanges play a critical function in command and purchasing foreign currencies. For illustration if a bargainer bids 120. 00-05 on dollar/Yen. which means to purchase dollar at 120. 00 and sell Yen or sell USD at 120. 05. Decision Among all regional several currencies of each state. United States Dollar has been accepted universally for both domestic every bit good international foreign exchange currency services and for planetary concern minutess. Commercial dealing sum is converted into USD and paid consequently which is converted from regional currency. For illustration if a Euro business communities purchases 500 computing machines from IBM. trade of concern sum that is calculated in Euros is converted into USD and paid to IBM which is were foreign currency exchange convertor is required. The Financial Accounting Standards Board’s ( FASB 52 ) defines Foreign Currency Translation. defines GAAP U. S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles demands for foreign currency reappraisal.

Definition and Examples of Aspect in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Aspect in English Grammar In English grammar, aspect is a verb form (or category) that indicates time-related characteristics, such as the completion, duration, or repetition of an action. (Compare and contrast with tense.) When used as an adjective, its  aspectual. The word comes from Latin, meaning how [something] looks The two primary aspects in English are the perfect (sometimes called perfective) and the progressive (also known as the continuous form). As illustrated below, these two aspects may be combined to form the perfect progressive. In English, aspect is expressed by means of particles, separate verbs, and verb phrases. Examples and Observations Perfect AspectThe perfect aspect describes events occurring in the past but linked to a later time, usually the present. The perfect aspect is formed with has, have, or had the past participle. It occurs in two forms:​ Perfect Aspect, Present Tense:History has remembered the kings and warriors, because they destroyed; art has remembered the people, because they created.(William Morris, The Water of the Wondrous Isles, 1897)​ Perfect Aspect, Past Tense:At fifteen life had taught me undeniably that surrender, in its place, was as honorable as resistance, especially if one had no choice. (Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 1969) Progressive AspectThe progressive aspect usually describes an event that takes place during a limited time period. The progressive aspect is made up of a form of be the -ing form of the main verb.​ Progressive Aspect, Present Tense:Shes loyal and is trying to wear her thin flippy hair in cornrows.(Carolyn Ferrell, Proper Library, 1994) Progressive Aspect, Past Tense:I was reading the dictionary. I thought it was a poem about everything. (Steven Wright) The Difference Between Tense and AspectTraditionally . . . both aspects [perfect and progressive] are treated as part of the tense system in English, and mention is made of tenses such as the present progressive (e.g. We are waiting), the present perfect progressive (e.g. We have been waiting), and the past perfect progressive (e.g. We had been waiting), with the latter two combining two aspects. There is a distinction to be made, however, between tense and aspect. Tense is concerned with how time is encoded in the grammar of English, and is often based on morphological form (e.g. write, writes, wrote); aspect is concerned with the unfolding of a situation, and in English is a matter of syntax, using the verb be to form the progressive, and the verb have to form the perfect. For this reason combinations like those above are nowadays referred to as constructions (e.g. the progressive construction, the present perfect progressive construction). (Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, and Edmund Weiner, Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2014) present perfect progressive: God knows how long Ive been doing it. Have I been talking out loud? past perfect progressive: He had been keeping it in a safety deposit box at the Bank of America. For months she had been waiting for that particular corner location. Present Perfect Progressive and Past Perfect ProgressiveThe perfect aspect most often describes events or states taking place during a preceding time. The progressive aspect describes an event or state of affairs in progress or continuing. Perfect and progressive aspect can be combined with either present or past tense...Verb phrases can be marked for both aspects (perfect and progressive) at the same time: The perfect progressive aspect is rare, occurring usually in the past tense in fiction. It combines the meaning of the perfect and the progressive, referring to a past situation or activity that was in progress for a period of time. (Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman, 2002)

Contraception and Abortion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contraception and Abortion - Research Paper Example Furthermore, these women experience about 450 menstrual cycles as contrasted to the estimated 160 during historic times, characterised by prolonged lactational amenorrhoea and repeated births (Rowlands, 2007). Further compounded by smaller families, men and women have shown greater interest in their reproductive lives.Thus, enlightenment on human sexuality issues on contraception and abortion would benefit decision-making with this regard. Contraception refers to the prevention of egg-sperm union, also defined as the prevention of ovulation. This involves the application of some physical intervention to prevent a new individual from being created (Golanty & Edlin, 2012). Indeed, there are a number of methods used to bar conception, thus considered as contraceptives or conception controllers. Condoms are commonly used, with those made from polyurethane gaining more popularity to those made of latex because of being odourless, easy to don, it transmits heat and is non-allergic despite a poor breakage history. Though gradually facing out, spermicide nonoxinol-9 has also been in use for long. The pills, now in use for about 4 decades, revolutionised contraception to a great extent, becoming the most popular form of contraception. Other forms of contraceptives include injections and implants. Not even the hormonal products that came into the market later changed this. Even though these contraceptives are easily available i n pharmacies, unwanted pregnancies are still rampant. In the 1970s, a new concept referred to as emergency contraception was introduced. This involves the use of hormones after sex. In a majority of countries, including the UK and US, they are available over-the-counter (Rowlands, 2007). Golanty and Edlin (2012) cite progestin-only pills as another approach to emergency contraception. The development of emergency contraceptives should have reduced the use of regular contraceptives and curb on abortions. However, Rowlands (2007)

Socio-Political Factors And Mental Health Essay

Socio-Political Factors And Mental Health - Essay Example Some of these factors include race, culture, ethnicity, gender, social class, and other similar factors. This double burden is referred to as double stigma (Corrigan et al. 2004; Rowe 2005). The double stigma does not only perpetuate the self-depreciation that patients experiences, but it also fortifies the public stigma that is manifested in the forms of discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping against mentally ill patients. In this effect, double stigma heightens the negative impact of the stigma that mentally ill patients experience. Recognising the seriousness of the condition, this study will answer the question how socio-political factors may influence mental health? In attempting to answer the question, the study will focus only on one socio-political factor – ethnicity. This acts as a form of limitation and the focus needed in addressing the query of the study. Ethnicity is now used to indicate, â€Å"the different and unequal experiences of social groups with spec ific social attributes such as language, religion, and dress codes† (Giddens & Sutton 2010, p. 136). Ethnicity is necessary because it is one of the foundations of a person’s worldview (Sue & Sue 2003; Sumari & Jalal 2008). The motivation behind choosing ethnicity over other socio-political factors is the fact that one of the key aspects of contemporary society is pluralism and ethnicity is its concrete reality. In a pluralistic society, there is the increasing tendency that the minority group is viewed from the perspective of the majority group as they cohabit within the same physical space. This creates pressure since there are mark distinctions among ethnic groups. In this regard, ethnicity is pivotal in mental health because of the double stigma that patients in the minority group are experiencing. Its negative impact will continue if it is not consciously addressed. In addressing the problem of this study, the answer is drawn both from the experience of the service user and scholarly journals and books dealing with the issue of ethnicity and mental health. The Response Mental health practitioners have the ethical and moral obligation to respect the cultural context from where the patient is coming (Trimble & Fisher 2006). The increasing multicultural diversity of patients with mental illness increases the responsibility of mental health practitioners in providing the venue wherein the patient’s cultural heritage is included as an integral component in formulating accessible and quality therapy for the patient (Sue & Sue 2003). Nonetheless, it has been observed, there appears to be a gap between the theoretical knowledge of the role of ethnicity and the empirical belief justifying that health care providers have to respect the reality of ethnicity since some practitioners are reluctant to modify their current practices to accommodate ethnicity (Griner & Smith 2006). This situation amplifies the double stigma among ethnic groups. The Wes tern Approach of Self-Disclosure. PA, an Asian and one of the patients in the Community Health Centre, shares, â€Å"I do not understand why I have to tell somebody my fears, my thoughts, my delusions.

Legal Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Legal Issues - Essay Example Very recently, an international incident happened to precisely involves a competition between two equally-important values: free speech and religious freedom. Last year, the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published a series of cartoons – twelve in all – about Islam and the Prophet Mohammad that was deemed offensive by the Islamic community at large. To illustrate, one cartoon showed Mohammad with a turban in the shape of a bomb. The issue generated international controversy. Some newspapers outside Denmark reprinted the cartoons in support of the concept of free speech. Flemming Rose, the culture editor of the newspaper, stated: The cartoonists treated Islam the same way they treat Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism and other religions. And by treating Muslims in Denmark as equals they made a point: We are integrating you into the Danish tradition of satire because you are part of our society, not strangers. The cartoons are including, rather than excluding, Muslims. On the other hand, the Islamic community demonstrated their outrage at the cartoons through worldwide protests and calls of boycotts. They condemned the drawings as a form of hate speech and decried what they consider to be the offensive depiction of the Prophet Mohammad as well as the not-so-subtle link made between Islam and terrorism. This whole controversy makes a very interesting case for examining the role of the law in settling disputes that involve competing legal concepts reflective of competing values. There is a clear diversity issue at stake, it is not difficult to give credence to the arguments of Muslims all over the world that such depiction of their leader will foment even further inter-religious conflict, will marginalize Muslims and will be a setback for the cause of diversity and pluralism. On the other hand, there is no dispelling the argument as well that free speech is a right that should be cherished and protected. It protects not

Strategies to Determine Art Work Authenticity

Strategies to Determine Art Work Authenticity Examination of the scientific techniques used to determine the authenticity of ark work Abstract The essay will detail the many different scientific techniques that are used to determine the authenticity of art work. Various pieces of artwork will need to be authenticated as there are many fraudulent artwork being sold worldwide. This essay will discover whether scientific techniques are the best process in authenticating art work, the many paintings that have undergone examination with scientific techniques and whether these techniques help to distinguish the original from fake. Introduction Authenticity in art can be defined as the real, genuine and true likeness of a piece of art work done by the artist themselves. There are a high percentage of paintings that have been sold and that are waiting to be sold which are fraudulent. This paper will outline the different types of art crimes that are committed, reasons why these art crimes are committed and the scientific techniques that are used to distinguish original and forged paintings. Many scientific techniques such as infrared are used on art work pieces that are believed to be counterfeit and with the use of theses scientific techniques, many art associations can distinguish between the paintings that are genuine. Although it may seem strange that a scientific technique such as IR can be used in detecting authenticity, there are many cases where fraudulent paintings have be detected using such techniques. The Han Van Meegeren case further examines the background information as to how his paintings where forged and how, using scientific techniques, they were detected as fraudulent. This will be discussed further. Another case being examined is the Leonardo Da Vinci case, which details how an authentic painting could have not been detected if it were not for the use of scientific techniques. Many artists have left their identities on their art paintings such as fingerprints and signatures, which help in the aid of authenticating a painting. Personal identification such as finger printing and signatures can be compared to reference samples taken from the artists themselves. Is it possible to view a painting, with human judgement and detect whether a painting is authentic? Or could using scientific techniques detect how legitimate a painting really is? Main Section There are many art crimes that are committed worldwide. Crimes such as theft, money laundering and forgery all take place in the art world. In the UK, approximately  £300 million art and antiques are stolen each year and is the second highest crime rate behind drug dealing now in the UK (1). Art theft has a very high crime rate because it has been known to be difficult to track and because of this, the recovery rate of getting art and antiques back to the owners are very rare. Art paintings and antiques that can be easily copied, are mostly likely to be forged; the more complex a painting, the harder it is for one to forge. Artists that forge paintings not only replicate a painting but they also go about making fraudulent copies of provenances. The certificate of origin is very easy to forge as the history of a painting can be easily fabricated. There are different scientific techniques that are used to examine art fraud such as Infrared, Ultraviolet, Digital Analysis and Optical Microscope. All techniques used, examine and result in mixed conclusions about a painting. The common aspect of all techniques used can all determine whether an art piece is authentic. Two or more scientific techniques are often used when authenticating art work to ensure accurate findings and support the results of the previous testing. A scientific technique such as IR, is a non-destructive analysis, which absorbs carbon based materials such as graphite and determines the underlying layers of a painting. Small sections of a painting can be enhanced to show the artists original intent and validate whether the painting is an original (2). Using infrared light, wavelengths are absorbed and reflected to show different pigments in the paint, which are used in the underlying drawing, if any. Another scientific technique used to determine the authenticity of art work is Ultraviolet radiation. This analysis is often the primary technique as it is a quick and inexpensive test that can prove to be very significant. The UV light reveals any change within a paintings’ surface. Ultraviolet radiation of the light reflects the surface of the layer of the painting and shows what condition the varnish layer of the painting is in. Another UV analysis is UV fluorescence. UV florescence can detect varnishes and pigments present on the painting and whether varnishes have been removed. This is an important feature as newer, modern varnishes used on paintings do not fluoresce under UV light compared to the varnishes used in older paintings. Natural resin varnishes were the most commonest varnishes used and these particular varnishes do fluoresce. UV is also an important technique as it can also detect any retouching and over paintings made on a previous painting. Paintings which a re under the seen image, when fluoresced, appear darker than the original fluorescent areas (3). Optical microscopy is a technique which sequences and studies the layers of an art piece. It can also be used to analyse the surface, condition and the size of pigment grains (4). When a painting is viewed under normal light, an analyst can see many details such as brushwork, textures and cracks that are present. Optical microscopy is important as it can investigate whether a painting has been altered by studying a small cross sectional piece of a painting. A cross section is removed from an edge or a previously damaged area of a painting and from this, layers of the painting can be inspected under bother normal and UV light (4). Original paintings that have not been tampered with are expected to have three layers present, when the cross section is studied. These three layers are; the prepared canvas layer, the paint pigment layer and the varnish layer. Paintings which have more than three layers are considered to be altered and questions of whether these paintings are authentic or n ot arise. An example of an altered painting layer is; canvas layer, paint layer, varnish layer, varnish layer, paint layer and varnish layer. As seen above, this example cannot be the layers of an original piece and so further analysis would be done to confirm its authenticity. Han Van Meegeren Around the 1930s Van Meegeren composed a plan to forge a large Vanmeer religious style painting. His first forgery was a painting called Christ and the Disciples at Emmaus. Meegeren studied the seventeenth century pigment formulas he was going to use to paint this and ensured he placed the painting on a recycled ‘unimportant’ canvas, which was also painted in the seventeenth – century (5). (http://www.essentialvermeer.com/misc/van_meegeren.html) On all paintings that Van Meegeren created, he used the same characters and the same location as the originals. In many of the paintings the woman and the man look very recognisable to the original paintings along with the window ledge that the paintings were painted around. Van Meegeren went on to forge many more Vanmeer paintings (5), where upon completion sold one to the Nazis. Upon his sale, he was arrested and confessed to be the forger of the recent Vanmeer paintings. To prove he was the forger of the Vanmeer paintings, Van Meegeren painted his last Vanmeer painting in front of the prison guards. After Van Meegeren was confirmed the forger of the Vanmeer paintings from sight, scientific techniques were used for exact confirmation. Such techniques used for determination of authenticity of those specific paintings were X-Radiology analysis, Chemical analysis and Microscopy analysis (6). A scientific technique such as X-Ray analysis is also a non-destructive technique, which detects any underlying substance beneath a surface of a painting, see through pigment layers and show whether there are/were any damaged areas within the art work. This can be used to build up a time line of a particular painting, age and authenticate the work (7). In the Vanmeer case, X-Ray analysis detected a previous painting that laid beneath the current painting due to the amount of lead isotopes detected in the lead based paints that Van Meegeren used to paint the Vanmeer pieces. The isotopes found were compared to the actual isotopes that would have been used if indeed the paintings were painted in Va nmeers living days (8). The chemical analysis taken from the painting ‘The Woman taken in Adultery and The Woman Reading Music’, identified traces of cobalt blue used in the pigment of the paint Meegeren used. This was found to be an artificial pigment, which was not manufactured until the 19th century. When the artificial pigment was detected and confirmed not to have been present in the Vanmeer day, it was further confirmation of the forgery committed by Meegeren (6). In this case the use of scientific techniques was essential when determining whether the Vanmeer paintings were indeed authentic. Without these techniques, visual judgement would not have distinguished the real Vanmeer’s to the fraudulent artwork as they were very good duplicates. Leonardo Da Vinci A drawing of a young womans head also known as ‘La Bella Principessa’ was discovered in 1998. It was not until many years later, that the drawing was thought to be a drawing by Da Vinci himself and was confirmed to be an authentic copy. The drawing was seen by many people in many different museums and was not thought to have been more than 100 years old. When the examination of this drawing took place, it was thought to be an important rediscovery to the artworld.(9). (http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/great-works-la-bella-principessa-late-15th-century-unknown-artist-8505169.html) IR was one of the scientific techniques used to determine its authorship and authenticity. This technique was used in camera form and by scanning the drawing, it revealed a smudged partial fingerprint on the top left hand corner of the drawing. A forensic art fingerprint expert analysed the fingerprint and matched it to a known fingerprint left by Da Vinci on another piece of his work (9). Another scientific technique used was carbon-14 testing. This was used to analyse and date the paper the drawing was placed upon. The drawing was placed on a sheet of vellum and with carbon-14 testing, it dated back to 1440-1650 (9). This was around the time of Da Vinci era. These two discoveries which date back to Da Vinci era, verified the drawing to be an authentic copy. Without the use of scientific techniques done on La Bella Principessa, its ownership and authenticity would have not been known. The fingerprint and the paper this drawing was placed upon would never have been identified without the use of scientific techniques, which confirms that scientific techniques corrobates authenticated work. Discussion Scientific techniques used to authenticating art work as seen above proves to be an important aspect in the art world. If all art work before being sold and entering museums were to be scientifically tested, the amount of forgery done to paintings would reduce considerably more. Without the use of techniques such as IR, UV and X-Ray, the authentication of paintings would not be possible. The methods outlined are all successful methods that were used and are still being used today as they outline important aspects of artwork when examined, and can prove whether a painting is authentic or not. Many scientific techniques used are non-destructive and today the most used scientific technique is Ramen Spectroscopy (10). Ramen spectroscopy is the now the preferred technique than X-Ray as it is a technique which detects organic and inorganic pigments that are used in paints, which can distinguish the timeline of when the pigments were made (10). Conclusion From the information gathered, it is right to say that the use of scientific techniques is the right analysis used to determine the authenticity of art work. Many scientific techniques whether IR or pigment analysis aid in the authentication process and as seen above prove to be a significant process. Authentic paintings are discovered through the scientific process and counterfeit paintings are uncovered. By visual aspect of a painting and by human judgement one cannot determine whether an art piece is authentic or not. Scientific techniques prove to be a distinct process when authenticating. References (1) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10455560/More-than-300m-of-art-being-stolen-in-Britain-each-year.html (Accessed on 22/02/2014) (2) http://www.sensorsinc.com/artanalysis.html (Accessed on 23/02/2014) (3) http://fineartconservation.ie/ultraviolet-radiation-4-4-43.html (Accessed on 24/02/2014) (4) http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/microscopy.html (Accessed on 25/02/2014) (5) http://denisdutton.com/authenticity.htm (Accessed on 21/02/2014) (6) http://www.tnunn.ndo.co.uk/detectn.htm (Accessed on 25/02/2014) (7) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18502413 (Accessed on 21/02/2014) (8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535372/ (Accessed on 20/02/2014) (9) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/7582591/La-Bella-Principessa-a-100m-Leonardo-or-a-copy.html (Accessed on 26/02/2014) (10) http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/1570202Ragai.pdf (Accessed on 26/02/2014)